******************************************************************* * * * The Longman Defining Vocabulary * * * ******************************************************************* From Longman Dictionary (1988). Spellings have been [Americanized]. 2197 words, 10 prefixes, 39 suffixes. This is the set of words which the Longman English Dictionary uses to express all its definitions. As such, it may be a useful source of basic vocabulary for the designer of an artificial language. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~ggc01r/dict/index.html WORD CLASS LABELS If a word has a specific word class label it is used in definitions only in the word class shown. Otherwise the word may be used in any of its usual word classes. A = Adjective Av = Adverb C = Conjunction D = Determiner P = Preposition Pd = Predeterminer ["all" and "double" are the only predeterminers.] Pn = Pronoun N = Noun V = Verb DEFINING VOCABULARY a admit alike answer art ability admittance alive ant article about adult all AvDPdPn anxiety artificial above AvP advance NV allow anxious as abroad advantage almost any ash absence adventure N alone anyhow ashamed absent A adverb along anyone aside Av accept advertise aloud anything ask acceptable advertisement alphabet anywhere asleep accident advice already apart association accordance advise also apparatus at according affair although appear atom according to afford altogether Av appearance attack account afraid always apple attempt ache after AvCP among appoint attend acid afternoon amount N approval attendance across afterwards amuse approve attention act again amusement arch N attract action N against amusing A area attractive active A age N an argue aunt activity ago ancient A argument autumn actor agree and arm average AN actress agreement anger N armor N avoid actual ahead angle N arms awake A add aim angry army away Av addition air N animal around awkward address aircraft ankle arrange adjective airforce annoy arrangement admiration airport annoyance arrival admire alcohol another arrive baby beard N best AAvN boil V brick N back AAvN beat NV better AAv bomb bridge N background beautiful between bone N bright A backward Av beauty beyond AvP book N bring backwards Av because bicycle N boot N broad A bacteria become big A border broadcast bad A bed N bill N born brother bag N bee bind V borrow brown AN bake beer bird both brush balance before birth bottle N bucket N ball N beg birthday bottom N build V banana begin bit bowels building band N beginning bite bowl bullet bank N behave bitter A box bunch N bar NV behavior black AN boy burial bare A behind AvP blade brain N burn barrel belief blame branch burst base NV believe bleed brass bury basket bell bless brave A bus N bath N belong blind bread bush N bathe V below AvP block breadth business battle N belt N blood N break V busy be bend blow breakfast N but C beak beneath blue breast N butter N beam N berry board N breath button N bean beside boat N breathe buy V bear besides body breed by cage N chairperson clean AV competition could cake N chalk N clear AV competitor council calculate chance N clerk complain count V calculator change clever complaint country N call character cliff complete courage calm A charge climb V compound N course N camera charm clock N computer court N camp NV chase V clockwork concern V cover can NV cheap close AAvV concerning cow N candle cheat cloth concert coward cap N check [cheque] condition N cowardly capital N cheek N clothes confidence crack NV captain N cheer clothing confident crash NV car cheerful cloud N confuse cream N card N cheese club N connect creature cardboard chemical coal conscience creep V care chemistry coast N conscious cricket careful chest coat N consider crime careless chicken N coffee consist criminal carriage chief coin N consonant N crop N carry child cold contain cross NV cart N childhood collar N contents N crowd N case N children collect V continue cruel castle N chimney college continuous cruelty cat chin color contract N crush V catch V chocolate comb control cry cattle choice N combination convenient cultivate cause choose combine V conversation cup N cell church N come cook cupboard cement N cigarette comfort cool A cure cent cinema comfortable copper curl center N circle N command copy current centimeter circular A committee cord N curse central citizen common A corn curtain century city companion corner N curve ceremony civilization company correct A custom N certain AD claim compare V cost customer chain class N comparison cotton cut chair N clay compete cough cycle V daily AAv declare desert N direction doubt damage decorate deserve dirt down AAvP dance decoration desirable dirty A drag V danger decrease desire disappoint draw V dangerous deep A desk discourage drawer dare V deer destroy discouragement daring defeat destruction discover dream dark defend detail N discovery dress NV date N defense determination dish N drink daughter degree determined dismiss drive V day delay develop distance N drop dead A delicate devil N distant drown deal delight diamond ditch N drug N dear A deliver dictionary divide V drum N death demand die V division drunk debt department difference do V dry decay depend different doctor N duck N deceit dependent difficult dog N dull A deceive depth difficulty dollar during decide descend dig V door dust N decimal describe dinner doorway duty decision description dip V dot N declaration descriptive direct double AAvPdV each either engine event exist eager elastic engineer N ever existence ear elbow N English every expect early elect V enjoy everyone expensive earn election enjoyment everything experience earth N electric enough everywhere explain east electricity enter evil explanation eastern elephant entertain exact A explode easy else entertainment examination explosion eat employ V entrance N examine explosive edge N employer envelope example express V educate employment equal ANV excellent expression education empty AV equality except CP extreme effect N enclose escape exchange eye effective enclosure especially excite eyelid effort encourage establish excited egg N encouragement establishment exciting eight end even AAv excuse eighth enemy evening exercise face father N fire foolish frame N fact fault fireplace foot N free factory favor N firm AN football freedom fail V favorable first AvD footpath freeze V failure favorite A fish footstep frequent A faint AV fear fisherman for P fresh fair A feather N fit AV forbid friend fairy feed V five force friendly faith feel V fix V forehead frighten faithful A feeling flag N foreign frightening fall feelings flame foreigner from false A fellow N flash NV forest front AN fame female flat forget fruit N familiar A fence N flesh forgive fulfill family fever flight fork N full A famous few float V form fun fancy A field N flood formal funeral far fierce floor N former funny farm fifth flour formerly fur N farmer fight flow fort furnish farmyard figure N flower N fortunate furniture fashion N fill V fly NV fortune further AAv fashionable film fold forward Av future fast AAv find V follow forwards Av fasten fine A fond four fat finger N food fourth fate finish fool N fox N gain V get gold grand A ground N game N gift golden grandfather group N garage N girl good grandmother grow garden give V good-bye grass N growth garment glad goods grateful guard gas N glass AN govern grave N guess gasoline [petrol] government gray AN guest gate N glory N grace great guidance gather V glue graceful green guide general go V gradual greet guilt generous goat grain greeting gun N gentle God gram grief gentleman god grammar grieve habit harmful help holiday hotel habitual harmless helpful hollow A hour hair hasty hen holy hourly hairy hat her home AvN house N half hate V here honest how Av hall hatred hers honesty human hammer N have herself honor N humor hand he hide V honorable humorous handkerchief head AN high AAv hook N hundred handle health hill hope hundredth hang V healthy him hopeful hunger N happen V hear himself hopeless hungry happy heart hire horizon hunt V hard heat his horn hurry harden heaven historical horse N hurt V hardly heavy A history hospital husband N hardship heel hit host N hut harm height hold hot A I improvement influence instrument invent ice N in AvP influential insurance invention icy include inform insure invitation idea including information intend invite if income ink N intention inwards ill A increase inner interest iron AN image indoor inquire interesting island imaginary indoors inquiry international A imagination industrial insect interrupt it Pn imagine industry inside interruption its importance infect instead into itself important infection instruct introduce improve infectious instruction introduction jaw N jewel joint judge just jealous jewelry joke judgment justice jealousy job journey N juice jelly join joy jump keen kill V kind kitchen knock keep V kilo king knee N knot key N kilogram kingdom kneel know V kick kilometer kiss knife N knowledge labor N lay V let V liquid loose A lack lazy letter list N lord N ladder N lead N level AAvN listen V lose lady lead V library liter loss lake leaf N lid literature lot lamb lean V lie little loud lamp learn life live V love land least lift load low A language leather light loaf N lower V large leave V lightning local A loyal last AvDV left like PV lock loyalty late leg N likely lodging luck N lately legal limb lodgings lump N laugh lend limit log N lung laughter length line N lonely law less AvDPn lion long AAv lawyer lesson lip look machine N mass N mend V minute N motor AN machinery master N mention V mirror N mountain mad mat merry miss V mouse magazine match message mist N mouth N magic material messenger mistake move V magician matter metal N mix V much mail may V meter mixture mud main A me method model N multiply make V meal metric modern A murder male mean V microscope moment muscle N man N meaning N middle AN money music manage means might V monkey N musician manager measure mile month must V manner meat military A monthly AAv my many medical A milk moon N myself map N medicine million moral A mysterious march meet V millionth morals mystery mark meeting mind more market N melt mine NPn morning marriage member mineral most marry memory minister N mother N nail neat net N no AvD not name necessary network N no one nothing narrow A neck never noble A notice nasty need new nobleman noun nation needle N news noise N now national A neighbor newspaper none Pn nowhere nature neighborhood next AAv nonsense number N naval neither nice nor nurse navy nerve N night north nut near AAvP nervous nine northern nylon nearly nest N ninth nose N o'clock offense one or ourselves obedience offensive A oneself orange out AAv obedient offer onion order outdoor obey office only ordinary outdoors object N officer open AV organ outer obtain official operate organization outside occasion N often operation origin over AvP ocean oil opinion other owe odd old opponent otherwise owing to of old-fashioned oppose ought own DPnV off AvP on AvP opposite our oxygen offend once Av opposition ours pack V pen N plastic post probability packet pence plate N pot N probable A page N pencil N play potato problem pain N people N pleasant pound N process N painful pepper N please pour procession paint per pleased powder N produce V painting perfect A pleasure N power N product pair N perform plenty Pn powerful production palace perhaps plural practical profession pale A period N pocket N practice profit N pan N permission poem praise promise paper N permit V poet pray pronounce parallel AN person poetry prayer pronunciation parcel N personal point precious A proof N parent N persuade pointed preparation proper park pet N poison prepare property parliament photograph poisonous presence protect part N photography pole N present AN protection participle phrase N police N preserve V protective particular A physical polish president proud partner N piano N polite press V prove party N pick V political pressure N provide pass V picture N politician pretend provision passage piece N politics pretty A provisions passenger pig N pool N prevent public past pile poor price N pull pastry pilot popular prickly pump path pin popularity pride N punish patience pink AN population priest punishment patient A pipe N port N prince pupil pattern N pity position N principle pure pause place possess print purple pay plain AN possession prison purpose N payment plan possibility prisoner push peace plane N possible A private A put peaceful plant possibly prize N quality quarrel queen N quick A quite quantity quarter N question quiet AN rabbit N reason religious restaurant roll V race reasonable remain result roof N radio N receive remark N return NV room N railway recent remember reward root N rain recently remind rice rope N raise V recognition remove V rich rose range N recognize rent rid rough A rank N record NV repair ride round AAvP rapid A red repeat V right ANAv row NV rare reduce reply ring royal A rat N reduction report ripe rub V rate N refusal represent rise V rubber rather refuse V representative rude raw A regard republic risk ruin reach regular A request river rule read V related respect road ruler ready A relation respectful rob run real relative responsible rock N rush really religion rest rod sad sew sink V south straight AAv safe A sex N sister southern strange safety sexual sit space N stranger sail shade situation spacecraft stream N sale shadow N six spade street salt AN shake sixth speak strength same shall size N spear N stretch sand N shame N skill special A strike V satisfaction shape skillful specialist string N satisfactory share skin N speech stroke N satisfy sharp A skirt N speed N strong save V she sky N spell V structure N say V sheep slave N spend struggle scale N sheet sleep spin V student scatter V shelf slide V spirit N study scene shell N slight A spite N stupid scenery shelter slip V splendid style N school N shield N slippery split V subject N science shine V slope spoil V substance scientific ship N slow spoon N subtract scientist shirt small sport N succeed scissors shock NV smell spot N success screw shoe N smile spread V successful sea shoot V smoke spring such search shop smooth A square AN suck V season N shopkeeper snake N stage N sudden seat shore N snow stair suffer second AvDNPn short A so stamp sugar N secrecy shot N soap N stand V suggest secret should social A standard suit secretary shoulder N society star N suitable see V shout sock N start sum N seed N show NV soft state summer N seem shut soil N station N sun N seize sick A soldier N stay supper sell V side AN solemn steady A supply NV send sideways solid steal V support sensation sight N some DPn steam N suppose sense N sign somehow steel N sure A senseless signal someone steep A surface N sensible signature something stem N surprise sensitive silence N sometimes step surround V sentence N silent somewhere stick swallow V separate AV silk son sticky swear serious silly A song stiff A sweep V servant silver soon still AAv sweet serve similar sore A sting swell V service N similarity sorrow N stitch swim set NV simple sorry stomach N swing settle V since sort N stone N sword seven sincere soul stop sympathetic seventh sing sound NV store sympathy several single A soup storm N system severe singular sour A story table N terror those to trap tail N test though tobacco travel take V than thought today treat V talk thank thousand toe N treatment tall that CDPn thousandth together tree taste the thread N tomorrow tremble V tax theater threat tongue tribe taxi N their threaten tonight trick NV tea theirs three too trip N teach them throat tool N tropical team N themselves through AvP tooth trouble tear N then Av throw top AN trousers tear V there thumb N total AN true A telephone therefore thunder touch trunk television these thus tour trust tell they ticket N tourist truth temper N thick A tidy AV towards try V temperature thief tie tower N tube temple thin A tiger town tune N tend thing tight A toy N turn tendency think V time N track twice tender A third timetable N trade N twist tennis thirst N tin traffic N type N tense N thirsty tire V train typical tent this DPn tire [tyre] N translate terrible thorough title N transparent ugly union until upstairs AAv useless uncle unit up AAvP urge usual under P unite upper A urgent understand universal upright AAv us undo universe upset V use uniform N university upside down useful valley various verb village voice N valuable A vary very Av violence vote value N vegetable victory violent vowel variety vehicle view N visit voyage N wages wealth where win V word N waist weapon whether wind N work wait V wear V which wind V world waiter weather N whichever window worm N wake V weave V while C wine N worry walk wedding whip wing N worse wall N week whisper winter N worship wander weekly AAv whistle wire N worst want V weigh white wisdom worth war N weight N who wise A worthy warm AV welcome whoever wish worthy of warmth well AAvN whole with would warn west why within P wound wash western A wicked without P wrap V waste wet A wide AAv witness N wreck watch what widespread woman wrist water whatever width wonder NV write wave wheat wife wood wrong AAvN way wheel N wild AAv wooden wrongdoing we when AvC will wool weak whenever willing woolen yard yellow AN yet your youth year yes you yours yearly yesterday young yourself zero PREFIXES dis- in- mid- non- self- im- ir- mis- re- un- SUFFIXES -able -en -ical -ize -ry -al -ence -ing -less -ship -an -er -ion -like -th -ance -ery -ish -ly -ward -ar -ess -ist -ment -wards -ate -ful -ity -ness -work -ation -ible -ive -or -y -ed -ic -ization -ous ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Richard Kennaway, jrk@sys.uea.ac.uk